BOOK EXCERPT: Arnold Schwarzenegger: a biography
This biography of Arnold Schwarzenegger investigates how he framed his life as the fulfillment of the American Dream.... more This biography of Arnold Schwarzenegger investigates how he framed his life as the fulfillment of the American Dream. This chapter examines Arnold's body and the history of bodybuilding in the United States.
Muscle, excess and rupture: Female bodybuilding and gender construction
Media International Australia, (75), 1995, 13-23.
The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on lean muscle mass in male amateur bodybuilders
4th year undergraduate paper. First attempt at outlining at Quantitative research study. NO EXPERIMENT took place, simply the outline for one. DRAFT ONLY.
Through a descriptive research study examining the key concepts of weight training with or without creatine... more Through a descriptive research study examining the key concepts of weight training with or without creatine monohydrate, the researcher will gain a better understanding of the supplement result on changes in lean muscle mass. Currently, creatine supplements are promoted by the supplement industry as having the ability to cause users to increase power, endurance and energy reserves while reducing muscular fatigue. Predominantly, creatine supplements are marketed to amateur bodybuilder consumers who are looking to supplement the results of weight training. Weight training is the ability to build muscle by promoting two different types of hypertrophy, sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and myofibrillar hypertrophy, by causing micro-tears to the muscles being trained (microtrauma) (MacDougall, Elder, Sale, Moroz & Sutton, 1980). There is little positive research to support claims that creatine can promotes greater gains in lean body mass in specific populations when compared to a placebo group (Crib et al., 2007b) but supplement companies still use these premises to sell creatine supplements. This raises the questions, of what role does creatine monohydrate have in attaining lean body mass in the specific target population of consumers and are the claims made by supplement companies simply excessive and misleading. Therefore, the aim of the study is to deductively investigate whether combining creatine monohydrate with a guided weight training program and monitored healthy diet will dramatically alter lean muscle mass in male amateur bodybuilders. The hypothesis is that creatine monohydrate consumption will provide a greater increase in lean muscle mass in amateur male bodybuilders over a ten week period.
169 views
Seen by:Big, Bad & Stupid or Big, Good & Smart? A three-year participant observational field study of the male bodybuilder stereotype and its consequences
Published by Jonkoping University Press 2004 as a research monograph
This research aims at exploring the male bodybuilder stereotype by establishing whether there indeed exists a... more This research aims at exploring the male bodybuilder stereotype by establishing whether there indeed exists a stereotypical response pattern in being confronted with this type of athlete. If so, which is the content of this stereotype? Is there also a cross-cultural fit to such a pattern? The study is sociobiologically oriented and designed mainly as a participant observation field study in varying Swedish settings over a period of three years. An international sample proper of bodybuilders (N = 22) from four Western countries for comparison participated by means of a questionnaire derived from the observational data (average age M = 36.6, SD = 6.9; average weight M = 113.6 kilos, SD = 12.4 kilos and average height M = 177.6 cm, SD = 3.7 cm). The data were subjected to a content analysis focusing on categorising in accordance with sociobiological assumptions as well as by the responses’ assumed intent and type. Results suggest a distinctive pattern to responses which, in addition, appear cross-culturally valid (the agreement index was .84). The male bodybuilder stereotype may be outlined as a series of dichotomous dimensions, which vary by emphasis in accordance with culture but apparently not in nature: 1) Someone to envy or someone to admire; 2) Someone to be afraid of or someone to make friends with; 3) Someone unintelligent or some- one determined and skilled; 4) Someone to harass or someone to desire; and 5) Someone embarrassing or someone to be proud of. A sub-sample of Swedish participants only (n = 13) is dealt with separately, since the Swedish research context appears to have several unique features. Possible implications of the study are discussed as well as future research.
